What are vocal fold nodules and polyps?
Vocal fold nodules are benign (noncancerous) growths on both vocal folds that are caused by vocal abuse. Over time, repeated abuse of the vocal folds results in soft, swollen spots on each vocal fold. These spots develop into harder, callous-like growths called nodules. The nodules will become larger and stiffer the longer the vocal abuse continues.
Polyps can take a number of forms. They are sometimes caused by vocal abuse. Polyps appear on either one or both of the vocal folds. They appear as a swelling or bump (like a nodule), a stalk-like growth, or a blister-like lesion. Most polyps are larger than nodules and may be called by other names, such as polypoid degeneration or Reinke's edema. The best way to think about the difference between nodules and polyps is to think of a nodule as a callous and a polyp as a blister.
What are signs and symptoms of vocal fold nodules or polyps?
Nodules and polyps cause similar symptoms:
- hoarseness
- breathiness
- a "rough" voice
- a "scratchy" voice
- harshness
- shooting pain from ear to ear
- a "lump in the throat" sensation
- neck pain
- decreased pitch range
- voice and body fatigue
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How are nodules and polyps diagnosed?
If you have experienced a hoarse voice for more than 2 to 3 weeks, you should see a physician. A thorough voice evaluation should include:
- a physician's examination, preferably by an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat doctor) who specializes in voice,
- a voice evaluation by a speech-language pathologist (SLP), and
- possibly a neurological examination.
The team will evaluate vocal quality, pitch, loudness, ability to sustain voicing, and other voice characteristics. An instrumental examination may take place that involves inserting an endoscope into the mouth or nose to look at the vocal folds and larynx in general. A stroboscope (flashing light) may be used to watch the vocal folds as they move.
What treatments are available for nodules and polyps?
Nodules and polyps may be treated medically, surgically, and/or behaviorally. Surgical intervention involves removing the nodule or polyp from the vocal fold. This approach only occurs when the nodules or polyps are very large or have existed for a long time. Surgery is rare for children. Medical problems may be treated to reduce their impact on the vocal folds. This includes treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), allergies, and thyroid problems. Medical intervention to stop smoking or to control stress is sometimes needed.
Many people receive behavioral intervention, or voice therapy, from an SLP. Voice therapy involves teaching good vocal hygiene, reducing/stopping vocal abusive behaviors, and direct voice treatment to alter pitch, loudness, or breath support for good voicing. Stress reduction techniques and relaxation exercises are often taught as well.
What other organizations have information about vocal fold nodules and polyps?
This list is not exhaustive and inclusion does not imply endorsement of the organization or the content of the Web site by ASHA.
View video examples of vocal fold nodules and polyps.
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See Also:
Vocal Fold Nodules and Polyps: Causes and Number
Vocal Fold Nodules and Polyps: Benefits of Speech-Language Pathology Services
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