Type of Disorder	Signs	Effects
		Social	Learning
Language	Student may show impaired comprehension and poor verbal expression.	Student may be excluded from play and group activities. Student may withdraw from group situations.	Student may fail to understand instruction. This may have the same result as missing school altogether. “Learning problems” may result.
Articulation/Sound Sequencing	Abnormal production of speech sounds; “speech impairment”; speech sounds not typical for student’s chronological age.	Student may be ridiculed or given “cartoon character” nickname; may be ignored or excluded from group activities.	Student may have decoding or comprehension problems with respect to specific words.
Fluency	Abnormal flow of verbal expression, characterized by impaired rate or rhythm and perhaps	Student may be ridiculed by others. Student may begin to avoid speaking in group settings. “struggle behavior.”	Student may do poorly on reports, oral assignments, and reading. Student may withdraw from group learning activities.
Voice	Abnormal vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and duration may be evidenced. Child's voice does not sound “right.”	Student may be ridiculed, ignored, or excluded from play or group activities.	Student’s self-confidence may suffer. This may lead to withdrawal from participation in class, and grades may fall.
Hearing	Student may give evidence of not hearing speech.	Student may appear to be isolated. Student may not participate in group activities as a matter of course.	Student may fail to follow directions or fail to get information from instruction.

School Meeting Kit (ASHA, 1989). Document out of print. Permission granted to reproduce.